Faktor Risiko Lingkungan Dan Gaya Hidup Penyebab Eksaserbasi Asma: Tinjauan Sistematis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54082/jupin.1958Kata Kunci:
Eksaserbasi Asma, Faktor Lingkungan, Gaya HidupAbstrak
Eksaserbasi asma menjadi beban signifikan dalam manajemen penyakit sistem pernapasan. Penelitian ini menggunakan systematic literature review untuk mengidentifikasi dan mensintesis bukti terkini mengenai faktor risiko lingkungan dan gaya hidup penyebab eksaserbasi asma. Sebanyak sepuluh studi empiris dari berbagai populasi terpilih melalui kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang ketat. Metode pencarian melalui database utama (Publish Or Perish 8) untuk periode 2015–2025, bahasa Indonesia dan Inggris, dengan proses seleksi dua tahap (screening judul/abstrak kemudian teks penuh) dan penilaian kualitas. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa faktor gaya hidup dan komorbiditas, seperti ketidakpatuhan terapi, penyakit gastroesofagus, obesitas, dan merokok secara konsisten berhubungan dengan peningkatan risiko eksaserbasi. Faktor lingkungan. seperti pajanan polusi udara, kedekatan ke jalan besar, kondisi iklim ekstrem, dan alergen juga berkontribusi, meskipun terdapat variasi antar-studi. Disfungsi saluran napas kecil muncul sebagai mediator biologis yang menjembatani hubungan antara gaya hidup, komorbiditas, dan kontrol asma. Temuan ini memperkuat bahwa pengelolaan asma harus bersifat multifaktorial tidak sekadar kontrol gejala jangka pendek, melainkan juga intervensi gaya hidup dan mitigasi pajanan lingkungan. Untuk penelitian mendatang, disarankan desain longitudinal atau intervensi prospektif dengan pengukuran pajanan yang presisi, serta eksplorasi interaksi antar-faktor dalam populasi yang lebih luas.
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